Financial Extremism: The Dark Side of Crowdfunding and Terrorism
This study sheds light on the emerging threat of terrorists, particularly Hamas and other Palestinian terror organizations, leveraging online crowdfunding and cryptocurrencies. The recent events of October 7, 2023, highlight the pressing nature of this issue. A systematic case analysis reveals t...
Does Drug Trafficking Impact Terrorism? Afghan Opioids and Terrorist Violence in Central Asia
The relationship between drug trafficking and terrorism remains a contentious issue. While some assert that drug trafficking is a strong predictor of terrorism, others contest this observation. This study focuses on the impact of the Afghan opioid trade on terrorist violence in Central Asia, a ...
Defining terrorism: philosophy of the bomb, propaganda by deed and change through fear and violence
The idea that ‘one man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter’ has led to the errone ous conclusion that defining terrorism is, in the final analysis, a subjective activity about assigning negative connotations to one’s opponents and positive connotations to one’s proponents. Te...
Contextualizing Political Terrorism: A Collective Action Perspective for Understanding the Tanzim
An attempt is made to embed the study of political terrorism within the larger phe nomenon of Collective Action. It is suggested that the analysis of dynamics within and between components of Collective Action—structure of conflict, a social move ment, authorities, and contention—can be benefi...
Contemporary Terrorist Threats in the UK: The Pakistan Dimension
Many key international terrorists active in the West since the late 1990s, including the 7 July 2005 bombers in London, have shown linkages with the country of Pakistan. For Britain, these are facilitated by cultural and ethnic ties with the Pakistani community- the largest Muslim group in the UK...
Contemporary terrorism and the true believer
Living in a time of terror, we argue that there needs to be research on what types of people choose to join Islamist terrorist groups. We think that Eric Hoffer’s reflections on the ‘true believer’ are illuminating. His meditations on the poor, the misfit, the selfish, and the bored provi...
Community engagement to tackle terrorism and violent extremism: challenges, tensions and pitfalls
It is recognised that community cooperation is central to mitigating the risks of terrorism. This has seen police and security agencies in western jurisdictions engage Muslim communities in an effort to improve intelligence gathering and threats arising from violent extremism. However, communi...
Combating Terrorism Australia’s Criminal Code Since September 11, 2001
This article focuses on the ways in which new anti-terrorism laws in Part 5.3 of the federal Criminal Code depart from, or challenge, traditional criminal law principles. It focuses on five key principles: the use of motivation as an element of an offence; the extension of offences to include pr...
Chapter Four: The potential for nuclear terrorism
There is no doubting the potential for nuclear terrorism in Pakistan. Given the large number of radicalised groups, their ruthlessness and brazenness in attacking military targets and the growing size of the nuclear-weapons establishment, the potential intersection of these trends is clear. A co...
Chapter Four: Terrorism in Europe
In the past, the methodology of terrorist groups active in Europe, such as ETA and the Provisional IRA (PIRA), has been characterised as ‘a lot of people watching, not many dead’;1 in other words, attacks were designed to draw atten tion to a particular cause and to pressurise governments in...
An analysis of spatial correlates of terrorism using risk terrain modeling
The purpose of this study is to identify correlates of terrorism in space. It examines whether places with terrorist incidents show similar patterns with respect to the physical features across landscape, and tests the spatial influence of various features of environment on the incidence of ter...
Ali S. Awadh Asseri. Combating Terrorism: Saudi Arabia's Role in the War on Terror New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 196 pp., $27.95 hardcover. ISBN: 978-0-19547-807-5.
These policy recommendations are fleshed out further in the conclusion. They include a periodic updating of the above-mentioned game theory, continued spend ing on BioWatch, BioShield and BioSense programs, reduction of proliferation path ways that include greater control in pursuing ‘‘prudent ...
Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb: Terrorism, insurgency, or organized crime?
After incurring significant losses during France’s 2013 Operation Serval in Mali, Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) is back. Mokhtar Belmokhtar has rejoined the group, violent attacks are on the increase, and southern Libya offers elements of the group a new safe-haven. This article takes ...
A Self-defense Network against Terrorism and Crime: Evidence from Peru
According to prevailing evidence, self-enforcing agreements do not scale up. In self-governing societies, small groups are able to provide order and security when the group is small; but when groups are larger, collective action seems to be more efficient if undertaken by state-like institutions....
A Geographic Approach for Teaching about Terrorism
Geography is in a unique position to address the topic of terrorism both inside and outside the classroom and has much to offer in terms of crafting effective measures to counter some of the most pressing threats to international security. As little consideration has been given to teaching abo...
The Homegrown Threat: State Strength, Grievance, and Domestic Terrorism
This article addresses the issue of transnational terrorism in Southeast Asia. The objective of the article is to investigate the structure of the transnational element of terrorism to determine their impact on conflict resolution attempts in the region. The transnational terrorist organization...
Insights into Selected Features of Pakistan’s Most Wanted Terrorists
This article attempts to provide insights into selected features of Pakistan’s most wanted terrorists using a dataset of 895 high-profile terrorists provided by the Counter Terrorism Wings of the Criminal Investigation Departments of regional police offices of Pakistan. It identifies spatial p...
Combating terrorism in Russia and Uzbekistan
This article aims to offer a preliminary assessment of Russian and Uzbek attempts to combat terrorism after 9/11. While both cases fit into the larger post-Soviet political narrative, itself shaped by strategic realignments following the events of 9/11, relatively little work has been undertaken...
The Homegrown Threat: State Strength, Grievance, and Domestic Terrorism
Scholars maintain that, similar to insurgency, terrorist violence is precipitated by both relative deprivation and state weakness. Yet aggrieved minority groups within a country should turn to terrorism when they are weak relative to the state rather than strong. Empirical evidence shows minorit...
Bringing the war home: the strategic logic of ‘North Caucasian terrorism’ in Russia
Terrorism connected to the North Caucasus has been pervasive in Russia between 1992 and 2018. Based on an original dataset, this article presents statistics on rates of terrorist attacks outside of the North Caucasus, their geography and targets, and the tactics used. It argues that terrorism by ...
The Threats of Russian Influence and Terrorism within National Security Strategies of the Visegrad Four
This article explores the differences in risk assessment of the V4 states of two politically different but sensitive security threats (Russian influence and terrorism). The comparison was per formed using the two latest versions of national security stra tegies. Using discourse analysis and placin...
Inter- and intra-agency intelligence liaison during ‘the troubles’
Intelligence is crucial to success in counter-terrorism, and successful intelli gence work involves effective liaison between and within all the organisations involved. Scholars rarely address intelligence in counter-terrorism other than through case studies, while studies of intelligence in count...
Imaginary geographies of religious terrorism: ISIS’s popular culture
This article shows how an arrangement of divine justification has led the popular culture of ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) to incite violent actions towards the charismatisation and imaginary connec tion of God, Caliph and territory. ISIS’s discourse includes the mental reconstruction ...
How ‘terrorism’ does not end: the case of the Official Irish Republican Army
This paper is the first critical analysis of terrorism disengagement by the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA). This process was conducted in instalments over nearly three decades. It has not been theoretically assessed as far as studies on ‘how terrorism ends’ are concerned, and it does ...
Japan's Aum Shinrikyo, the changing nature of terrorism, and the post‐cold war security agenda
Events such as the Aum Shinrikyo's sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway in March 1994 have placed terrorism at the top of the post-Cold War security agenda and have caused policy makers to sense qualitative change and new dangers in the terrorist threat to industrialised societies. By exami...
Lone wolf terrorism: The new form of the global jihadist movement? Evidence from Afghanistan (1997–2013)
Overall, there exists a deficit of empirical research on lone wolf terrorism outside a Western operational environment, quanti tative research on the global jihadist movement, and, in parti cular, studies that examine both elements. This research attempts to fill this gap by giving a basic, descri...
Examining the ‘terrorism–war’ dichotomy in the ‘Russia–Chechnya’ case
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Emotional Response to Terrorism before and after the Pulse Nightclub Shooting
Mass shootings and acts of terrorism are becoming increasingly common across the U.S. This study evaluated the emotional arousal, active coping response, and physiological response related to the Pulse Nightclub shooting in a group of college students using the Terrorism Emotional Arousal Measur...
The Madrid Bombings and Negotiations With ETA: A Case Study of the Impact of Terrorism on Spanish Politics
This article analyzes the impact that two terrorism-related matters had on Spanish politics and electoral processes in the country. First, the article analyzes the terrorist attacks perpetrated by jihadists on March 11, 2004, three days before Spain’s gen eral election. The indiscriminate, letha...
Terrorism Analysis and Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project: The Missing Element
The decision in the case of Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project raised important issues about civil liberties in the United States (2010), including freedom of speech and freedom of association, in relation to U.S. foreign policy actions. While the decision has the potential to infringe on certain...
The Terrorist Calculus behind 9-11: A Model for Future Terrorism?
Terrorists commit lethal acts of violence in order to realize their goals and advance their causes. They have a mixed record of success. This article explores the question whether the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York and the Penta gon outside of Washington, D.C. were succes...
Boko Haram’s Terrorism and the Nigeria State. Federalism, Politics and Policies, Advances in Africa Economic, Social and Political Development
After a discussion of the history and definitions of terrorism, the book proceeds to establish the factors underpinning the formation of Boko Haram. It asserts that the terrorist group was formed basically as a result of the fragile political environment of Nigeria, social and economic neglect of ...
Explaining the United States' Decision to Strike Back at Terrorists
When an anti-US international terrorism incident occurs, the preferred US counter terrorism response is law enforcement action. Sometimes, however, US decision makers supplement or supplant this approach with a ‘power’ approach via overt military action. Among the more than 2,400 anti-US incide...
South‐east Asian perceptions on the ‘war against terrorism’
September 11 has in many ways become an event that will have its impact on security implications at a global level. President George Bush's statement that the threatre of war will not end in Afghanistan is a factor that impacts critically upon the South-east Asian states. Both within the dom...
Re-examining the explanations of convert radicalization in Salafi-Jihadist terrorism with evidence from Canada
Evidence from multiple sources suggests converts to Islam are significantly overrepresented in the ranks of Salafi-jihadist terrorists. Researchers have been speculating for some time why this might be the case. This paper identifies, and critically examines, four hypothetical explanations commo...
Inter- and intra-agency intelligence liaison during ‘the troubles’
Intelligence is crucial to success in counter-terrorism, and successful intelli gence work involves effective liaison between and within all the organisations involved. Scholars rarely address intelligence in counter-terrorism other than through case studies, while studies of intelligence in coun...
INITIATIVES AGAINST TERRORISM IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
The events that occurred on 11 September 2001 in two of the largest urban centres in the US, and subsequent developments, have brought to the fore the lingering friction between tolerable action against terrorism and the sustainability of human rights observance. It remains somewhat unfortunate t...
How ‘terrorism’ does not end: the case of the Official Irish Republican Army
This paper is the first critical analysis of terrorism disengagement by the Official Irish Republican Army (OIRA). This process was conducted in instalments over nearly three decades. It has not been theoretically assessed as far as studies on ‘how terrorism ends’ are concerned, and it does ...
The Ethical Limits We Should Place on Intelligence Gathering as Part of an Integrated CT Strategy
This chapter first describes the importance of secret intelligence in protect ing the public from terrorist attacks. The use of intelligence in deriving the strategic aim of the integrated U.K. counter-terrorism strategy, CONTEST, and supporting its delivery is examined. The ethical issues associa...
The “Capone Discovery”: Extortion as a Method of Terrorism Financing
This article analyzes extortion by terrorist groups. A three-factor the oretical framework borrowed from the literature on organized crime informs the qualitative analysis of several terrorist organizations— active and quiescent—which have committed casual and systematic extortion of business...
Drones in Modern Warfare: Utilization in India Pakistan Cross-Border Terrorism and Security Implications
The drone is the latest entrant in the ever-volatile India-Pakistan cross- border terrorism imbroglio. According to media reports, the use of the drones to send payloads, weapons, and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) has substantially increased in the last two years. This technology has been ...
Realizing Hegemony? Symbolic Terrorism and the Roots of Conflict
There is curently a division between conflict analysis and studies of terrorism, despite the fact that similar actors are involved in the “new wars” and “new terror ism,” and that there are also similarities in terms of root causes. Both conflict and terrorism studies are increasingly cro...
Terrorism Determinants, Model Uncertainty and Space in Colombia
This paper studies the determinants of terrorism at the sub-national level in Colombia during 2001–2014. In order to establish robust relationships, a Bayesian model averaging framework has been implemented using departmental data. We find that the violence suffered by this country is linked ...
Derogating from International Human Rights Obligations in the ‘War Against Terrorism'? — A British–Australian Perspective
This article examines the United Kingdom’s Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 and the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Legislation Amendment (Terrorism) Act 2002 (Cth) from an international human rights law perspective. It argues that both pieces of legislation raise seri...
Causes and Incentives for Terrorism in Pakistan
This study offers fresh empirical insights into the causes of terror ism in Pakistan. The authors present a novel strategy for hypothesis building in conflict studies, and explore the importance of the ex planatory variables within the time frame of the analysis. The hy pothesized relationships are...
The Voice of Democratism in Sayyid Qub's Response to Violence and Terrorism
In recent years, many studies have focused on Sayyid Qu _ tb as one of the Islamist thinkers whose writings have most influenced some Muslim militants in various parts of the world. His thought on Islam’s compatibility with democracy is controversial. The debate is usually based on understandi...
The Electoral Terrorist: Terror Groups and Democratic Participation
Why do some terrorist groups participate in the electoral process but not others? If elections provide some strategic or tactical benefit then we would expect other groups to emulate that strategy. However, we see variation in the adoption of an electoral strategy by terrorist groups. I argue th...
Authoritarian regimes against terrorism: lessons from China
Throughout history many terrorist organisations have originated in both democratic and authoritarian regimes. In their efforts to eradicate the terrorist threat, democracies and their authoritarian counterparts have employed a vast array of measures. Such measures, however, differ according to r...
Internment of terrorism suspects: human rights and constitutional issues
There have been recent calls for the parliament to re-introduce a system of internment of those suspected of future terrorist activ ity. Preventive detention regimes have a long history within the common law, and to some extent our laws still contain preventive detention aspects. International le...
An Empirical Analysis of Terrorism and Stock Market Spillovers: The Case of Spain
This article assesses the spillover effects between terrorist activity and Spanish stock market returns for the period 1993–2017 . We construct a daily terror index that reflects the terrorist activity of different types of perpetrators: domestic terrorism (ETA) and international terrorism lin...
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