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Since its major military operation “Rah-e-Rast” in Swat in 2009, Pakistan has achieved significant success reducing terrorist attacks despite the period between 2008 and 2014 being intense in terms of terrorist incidents in Pakistan. For example, there were 2,347 terrorism-related incidents recorded in 2013 (SATP, 2023). Pakistan has suffered a massive loss of life, with more than 80,000 people dying as a result of terrorism during 2005–2013 (Iqbal, 2015). Kinetic measures, such as operations have resulted in a sudden increase in terrorist attacks since 2021. A range of factors are responsible for this, but a major one is state fragility in Afghanistan and instability in bordering regions in Pakistan. While many terrorists were killed because of security operations in Pakistan, thousands were also