About Book

This interpretive guidance clarifies the complex legal concept of “direct participation in hostilities,” a key exception to civilian immunity under international humanitarian law. Written by Nils Melzer, the document outlines the ICRC’s institutional position based on extensive expert consultation from 2003–2008. It defines who qualifies as a civilian, specifies which acts constitute direct participation, and delineates the conditions and duration under which civilian protections are suspended. The guidance addresses the principle of distinction and sorts actions into categorizations such as preparatory measures, deployment, and combat, while emphasizing the need for military necessity and humanitarian considerations . In modern conflicts involving state and non-state actors, drone warfare, cyberattacks, and blurred civilian-combatant roles, this guidance is vital. It aids policymakers, military legal advisers, NGOs, and humanitarian actors to apply IHL correctly, preventing unlawful targeting and reducing civilian harm. The text supports training programs and community outreach to enhance legal awareness among armed forces and civil societies in conflicts, reinforcing protections for civilians.This guidance is a foundational, authoritative resource for interpreting civilian protection laws in contemporary conflict. Its institutional legitimacy and comprehensive detail make it indispensable for ensuring lawful conduct and minimizing civilian casualty risks.